Framework
Decision

Expected Value

Σ probability × outcome

Best for
choosing under uncertainty
Time
15–30 min
Difficulty
Intermediate

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Expected Value diagramSchematic of the Expected Value framework: Σ probability × outcome.
The Expected Value diagram — Σ probability × outcome.
Example

Deciding whether to run a paid ad test with uncertain payoff

Expected value calculation
  1. Outcome A: success (30% × +$40k) = +$12,000
  2. Outcome B: break even (40% × $0) = $0
  3. Outcome C: lose budget (30% × −$10k) = −$3,000
  4. Expected value = +$9,000
  5. Decision: run it — positive EV with manageable downside

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